Althusser is opposed to traditional epistemology , believing that cognition is production rather than reflection , and that the emergence of a new conclusion and a new theory is the jump from one " problematic structure " to another , thus resulting in epistemological rupture , which is represented in a text as vacuums , gaps and empty points , also called " symptoms " 摘要阿爾都塞反對傳統(tǒng)的認識論,認為認識不是反映而是生產(chǎn),而一個新結(jié)論、新理論的生產(chǎn),是從一個“問題結(jié)構(gòu)”跳躍入另一個“問題結(jié)構(gòu)” ,由此產(chǎn)生了“認識論斷裂” ,在文本(言說)中就表現(xiàn)為真空、空白、白點,即“癥候” 。